Kitchen 101

Kitchen 101 is a collection of cooking tips designed to help you become a better cook! Here, you’ll find substitutions, equivalent measurements, food safety tips, thawing instructions and more!

Cutting boards, knives and other utensils

Wipe away debris with a dry cloth or paper towel
Wash board with soap and water, using a clean brush to get into the grooves of the board
Finalize the sterilization process by apply bleach to the cutting board, rinse with hot water, place board in a clean area and allow to air dry
Clean knives in the same method; make sure knives are sharp=a sharp knife is a safe knife

General cooking tips

Temperature Danger Zone: foods should be kept at temperatures between 41°-135°F
Refrigerators should be maintained at 40°F or less
The FDA Food Code requires that foods be cooled from 135° to 70° F within two hours and from 70°-41° F within an additional four hours
Properly thaw foods in the refrigerator, in cold water, or in the microwave, but never at room temperature
High Altitude Cooking: increase liquid and flour; decrease leavening agent and time
If you have multiple dishes to cool, do not stack them in the refrigerator; put them side by side at first, until they’ve cooled to a minimum of 41°F
Do not rinse chicken prior to cooking; rinsing raw poultry increases the risk of spreading salmonella throughout the kitchen and sink. Poultry manufacturers mechanically wash the chickens prior to packaging.

Common equivalents

1 pint = 2 cups=16 fl.oz=32 Tablespoons=96 teaspoons
1 cup=8 fl. oz=16 Tablespoons = 48 teaspoons
1 large egg=2 fl. oz
4 large eggs = just under 1 cup
8-10 egg whites or 12-14 egg yolks = 1 cup

Common temperatures (F)

Boiling 212°
Simmering 180°
Poaching 160°-180°
Scalding 150°

Internal temperatures for meats and eggs

Ground beef: 165ºF
Pork: 145ºF
Chicken: 165ºF
Turkey: 165ºF
Fish: 145ºF
Eggs: 160ºF

Eggs

The best way to boil an egg is to actually simmer it; then cool in ice water
Prevent that green ring in boiled eggs: use fresh eggs, simmer and cool in ice water
Best way to store eggs is on the top shelf of the fridge; not low or in the ‘egg bin’ in the door
Egg whites can be frozen without harm
Whole eggs or egg yolks can be frozen but must have sugar, salt or syrup added to them first
Egg whites are excellent foaming agents and two ingredients stabilize the egg foam: cream of tartar and sugar
Salt and fat (oil/butter) suppress foam, so if you need fluffy meringues, don’t use oil or salt
If a recipe calls for raw eggs, best to use a pasteurized egg product
When making an egg foam (meringue), always use room temperature eggs

Dairy

Buttermilk substitutes:
- 1 cup milk and juice of one lemon for buttermilk; let it stand for 3-5 minutes before incorporating into recipe
- Plain yogurts
- Kefir
- Sour cream
Milk substitute: 1 part evaporated milk to 1 part water
Homogenized milk has been processed so that the fat globules are broken up, which prevents a layer of cream from forming
Pasteurized milk is milk that has been processed to kill pathogens
Homogenized, pasteurized milk is not sterile, only UHT milk is sterile (ultra-heat-treatment)
UHT milk and creams are in the boxes on the shelves at the grocer; not in the cold dairy section
Cooking with milk: use low heat; high heat causes the whey proteins to form a skin on the bottom and sides of the pan.
Homemade whipped cream: use cold cream, a cold bowl and cold mixing utensils, otherwise, you’ll end up with butter
Acids and dairy: if you’re adding acid (lemon, vinegar, wine) to a dish that contains dairy, add acid last

Cheese

When melting cheese, a sharp cheese melts better than a mild cheese due to the aging process; aging breaks down proteins which allow the cheese to melt
High fat cheese melts faster and leaves an oily residue
Low fat cheese separates when melted
Cheddar cheese has more calcium than cottage cheese
- cheddar cheese is a rennet cheese, wherein the calcium is retained in the curd
- cottage cheese is an acid cheese, wherein the caseins (proteins) coagulate and the calcium is lost in the whey
When cooking with cheese, select the best cheese, shred, grate or cube cheese before melting at a low temperature; in sauces, add the cheese at the end of the heating period to prevent separation
The best way to make a cheese, or Mornay sauce, is to start with a roux and slowly add the cheese.

Seasonings

Whole vs. ground spices: Add whole spices at the beginning of the cooking process; ground spices at the end
Fresh vs. dried herbs: use a 3:1 ratio for fresh : dried herbs
White pepper is stronger than black pepper because it is ripe; black pepper is not ripe
Use a variety of herbs and spices to change up the ordinary meal!
Explore new seasonings – experiment with pastes and sauces

Thickening Agents

Common thickening agents are flour and cornstarch; if you use flour, you’ll need twice as much than if you were using cornstarch
Flour contains proteins and starch, which makes the gravy cloudy instead of translucent; cornstarch will provide a clear gravy, or thickening sauce (think Chinese food)
Roux: a mixture of a liquid, starch and melted fat; used to make white sauces and dark roux for savory dishes
Slurry: a cold water thickener, usually made with flour or cornstarch; always add slurries at the end of the cooking process; over cooking a slurry can cause it to break down

Rice and Grains

White rice will produce three times the amount of original product
Instant rice and pasta will produce twice the amount of original product
Are you really buying whole grains? Learn how to read labels when looking for 100% whole grain

Esssential Spices, Herbs and Aromatics

If you’re just learning to cook or stocking your first apartment kitchen, here’s a list of must-have ingredients that will help you in creating delicious meals!